2021 timeline contents

2021

Exascale computers are deployed

An exaFLOP is 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 (a million trillion, or one quintillion) floating point operations per second. The world's top supercomputers are now reaching this speed, which is a 1,000-fold improvement over a petaFLOP machine.

The growth of computing power had followed an exponential trend for many years. However, a slowdown in the rate of progress was observed during the second half of the 2010s. It had earlier been predicted that exaFLOP machines would arrive by the end of the decade, but this schedule appeared to slip as technical and funding issues were encountered.

IBM unveiled "Summit" – featuring a peak performance of 200 petaFLOPS – which became the world's fastest supercomputer in June 2018, a title it would retain into 2019 and 2020. Several challengers were waiting in the wings, including three exaFLOP machines being developed by China, three by the USA and others by the European Union, India, Japan and Taiwan. These would be deployed during the early and mid-2020s.

China was the first country to achieve a "peak" exaFLOP machine, but there were ongoing delays in reaching a sustained exaFLOP performance. By 2021, this is finally demonstrated, using processors designed and manufactured domestically. Among the new machines is Tianhe-3, successor to the Tianhe-2.* After China, the next countries to demonstrate a sustained exaFLOP performance are the United States and Japan.*

Exascale computing leads to revolutionary advances in a number of fields – allowing simulations of greater scale, complexity and duration than ever before. Neuroscience is one area of particular note, as it becomes possible to simulate the entire human brain in real-time, down to the level of individual neurons. Subsequent upgrades to existing machines, along with entirely new machines, enable further orders of magnitude gains in performance and pave the way to zettaFLOP supercomputers in the 2030s.

The ExoMars rover touches down on Mars

ExoMars is a joint mission between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos). Divided into two parts, the first phase of the mission was launched in 2016, arriving nine months later. This consisted of an orbiter – ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter – for mapping sources of methane and other gases on Mars, to determine the best location for a rover to study. It also contained a static demonstration module to prove the landing site was viable.

The second phase is launched in 2020, arriving in 2021 with the ExoMars rover built by ESA. This lands on Mars using a "sky crane" system, in which four rockets slow the descent once the main parachute has been deployed. The landing site is near the equator to maximise available solar power.

The rover's primary objective is to determine any signs of microbial life on Mars, past or present. It is equipped with a drill that bores down two metres below the surface to retrieve samples. These are transferred to a miniature laboratory inside the rover. This contains a sensor for biological molecules, infrared and X-ray spectroscopes that catalogue the mineralogical makeup of the sample, together with imaging devices.

Located in the drill structure is another infrared spectrometer that studies the inside surface of the bore hole. ExoMars uses ground-penetrating radar to search for ideal locations at which to drill. The mission is almost entirely automated, as the rover uses imaging cameras to create a 3D map of the terrain in order to avoid obstacles. It has a lifespan of six months, travelling approximately 100 metres each day and testing dozens of different samples.

The spacecraft was scheduled to launch in 2018 and land on Mars in early 2019, but due to delays in European and Russian industrial activities and deliveries of the scientific payload, it was moved to the launch window in July 2020. With a journey time of nine months, it arrives in March 2021.*

exomars rover 2021 future timeline technology

Credit: ESA

The James Webb Space Telescope is launched

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is the long-awaited successor to the aging Hubble Space Telescope. Named after James E. Webb – the NASA administrator from 1961 to 1968 – it is developed as a collaboration between NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency.

The JWST is located near Earth–Sun Lagrangian point L2 with an orbital distance that varies from 374,000 km (232,000 mi) to as far away as 1,500,000 km (930,000 mi). It is designed to offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from long-wavelength visible light through the mid-infrared range. While the Hubble Space Telescope had a 4.5 m2 (48 sq ft) primary mirror, the JWST's collecting area is nearly six times larger at 25 m2 (270 sq ft). This is composed of 18 hexagonal mirror segments working in unison. In terms of magnification, it is 100 times more powerful than Hubble, making it capable of seeing the very first generation of stars that ignited less than 200 million years after the Big Bang – a time when the universe was only 1.4% of its current age. If a bumblebee was placed on the Moon's surface, the JWST would be able to spot the insect both in reflected light, and from its body heat.* A large sunshield keeps the telescope's instruments below 50 K (−220 °C; −370 °F).

The JWST has four main scientific goals:

• To search for light from the first stars and galaxies that formed in the Universe after the Big Bang
• To study the formation and evolution of galaxies
• To understand the formation of stars and planetary systems
• To study planetary systems and the origins of life

The JWST was first proposed in 1996, at which time its cost was estimated at $0.5 billion, with a launch date of 2007. Over the years, however, the costs began to spiral upwards and the schedule faced major delays. By 2018, the project had mushroomed to $9.7 billion, with a launch date of March 2021.*

james webb space telescope future timeline 2019

Credit: NASA

First uncrewed maiden flight of NASA's Space Launch System (SLS)

The Space Launch System (SLS) is an expendable launch vehicle in the "super heavy-lift" class, developed from 2011 onwards and intended to supersede the retired Space Shuttle as NASA's flagship vehicle.

Initially designed to carry 70 metric tons (150,000 lb) into low Earth orbit (LEO), the SLS later exceeded that requirement by a significant margin, with a rated payload capacity of 95 metric tons (209,000 lb). Future versions, known as Block 2, would have upgrades including advanced boosters, with an even greater LEO capability of more than 130 metric tons (290,000 lb). For comparison, the earlier Space Shuttle program of 1981 to 2011 had a maximum payload capacity of only 27.5 tons (60,600 lb), or about 21% of the SLS Block 2.

The SLS was to become the primary launch vehicle of NASA's deep space exploration plans – including crewed lunar flights of the Artemis program and a subsequent follow-on human mission to Mars. It would also be used for constructing a new space station in orbit around the Moon.

A first uncrewed maiden flight occurs in 2021,* which is followed by a crewed lunar flyby in 2022. Additional launches include a Block 1 Cargo flight that delivers the Europa Clipper probe to Jupiter via a direct Hohmann transfer orbit. The human missions to lunar orbit and beyond make use of a partially reusable module atop the SLS, known as the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (Orion MPCV), which can support a crew of six on long-duration missions.

While the SLS is extremely powerful (featuring the highest ever total thrust at launch), the project is criticised for its cost, in comparison to new and emerging commercial rockets, which can also provide greater reusability – such as those developed by SpaceX and Blue Origin. This forces a rethink of NASA's funding as the private sector takes on an increasingly large role in spaceflight, contributing to an industry worth $1 trillion by the late 2030s.

First flight of the New Glenn reusable rocket

New Glenn (named after the late U.S. astronaut, John Glenn) is a heavy-lift orbital launch vehicle developed by Blue Origin, the aerospace company founded by Amazon boss Jeff Bezos. The booster stage is designed to be reusable, cutting launch costs and making it a competitor to SpaceX.

Previously, Blue Origin had developed the New Shepard – a vertical-takeoff, vertical-landing (VTVL), crew-capable rocket. Prototype testing in 2006, followed by full-scale engine development in the early 2010s, led to a first flight in 2015. Reaching an altitude of 93 km (58 miles), this uncrewed demonstration was deemed partially successful, as the onboard capsule was recovered via parachute landing, while the booster stage crashed, and was not recovered. By 2019, a further 11 test flights had taken place, all successfully landing and recovering the booster stage.

The New Shepard, with a height of 18 m (59 ft) and only a tiny payload,* fell into the sub-orbital class of rockets. By contrast, its successor would be more than five times as tall on the launch platform. New Glenn, standing 95 m (313 ft), dwarfed the earlier New Shepard and was designed to carry 45,000 kg (99,000 lb) to low-Earth orbit (LEO) and 13,000 kg (29,000 lb) to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO).

Blue Origin began working on the New Glenn in 2012, and publicly revealed its design and specifications in 2016. The vehicle, described as a two-stage rocket with a diameter of 7 m (23 ft), would be powered by seven BE-4 engines (equivalent to 21 Boeing 747s). Bezos now reportedly sold $1 billion worth of Amazon.com stock annually – a figure that doubled by the end of the decade – in order to fund Blue Origin.

By 2019, Blue Origin had gained five customers for New Glenn flights, including a multi-launch contract with Telesat for its broadband constellation. All of these launches would feature a reusable first stage, meaning the booster would return to Earth and land vertically,* just like the New Shepard sub-orbital launch vehicle that preceded it.

A first launch of the New Glenn occurs in 2021, from a reconstructed and improved Launch Complex 36 (LC-36) in Florida.* Following stage separation, the first stage flies back to Earth and lands nearly 1,000 km downrange on a moving ship. The second stage engines ignite and the 7-metre fairing separates. The mission is complete when the payload is delivered safely to orbit.

Alongside the New Glenn, Jeff Bezos had even greater ambitions. In 2019, he unveiled Blue Origin's longer-term vision for space, which included a lunar lander known as Blue Moon. This could deliver up to 4,500 kg (9,900 lb) to the Moon's surface and potentially astronauts too, using a New Glenn as the launch vehicle – in combination with ascent and transfer stages developed by other companies.**

Crossrail opens in London

Crossrail is a major new rail line built for London and southeast England. In development since 1974, it is one of Europe's largest ever transport projects – designed to boost London's subway capacity by over 10% and bringing widespread regenerative benefits.

The line has a total length of 118 km (73 miles), which includes 42 km (26 miles) of tunnels. It runs from the county of Berkshire in the west, through to Essex in the east, linking together all the main economic hubs in the UK capital: Heathrow Airport, the West End, the City of London and Canary Wharf. Nine-coach trains – each 200 metres (660 ft) long and carrying up to 1,500 people – run at frequencies of 24 per hour at peak periods. These brand new, longer trains feature walk-through air-conditioned carriages, live travel information and free Wi-Fi.

The original planned schedule was for the first trains to run during 2017. A Comprehensive Spending Review in 2010 – saving over £1bn of the estimated £16bn projected costs – meant that the first trains to run on the central section would be delayed until December 2018. This timeline was further delayed until the Autumn of 2019 and then again until 2021.* Crossrail is also named as the Elizabeth Line in honour of Queen Elizabeth II. In addition to the rail line itself, the project includes ten new state-of-the-art stations.

Click to enlarge

Water crisis in southwest USA

Southwestern parts of the USA – including Nevada, Arizona and southern California – are now faced with crippling water shortages. Lake Mead, a key source of water for over 25 million people (about 8% of the US population), is running dry as a result of climate change. Increased population growth and associated demand for water resources have also played a part. Once the largest reservoir in the country, its capacity has declined substantially, due to the Colorado River’s net deficit of nearly 1 million acre-feet of water per year. As well as providing fresh water, Lake Mead has been a major source of hydroelectric power, via the Hoover Dam. Blackouts are now increasingly common. Authorities have been attempting to stabilise the situation by constructing solar power facilities, as well as laying groundwater pipelines from elsewhere in Nevada.

lake mead bathtub ring hoover dam future 2020

Lake Mead as seen from the Hoover Dam, clearly showing the "bathtub ring". Credit: Cmpxchg8b

The world's largest insect swarm re-emerges

Brood X is the largest of 15 groups of 17-year cicadas. Its members, all of the genus Magicicada, tunnel to the surface en masse, mate and lay eggs, then die. This is the biggest swarm of insects in the world. The area covered stretches from New York, down the East Coast to Georgia and west to Illinois.

The last time Brood X emerged was in 2004.* Countless billions of the insects infest the Eastern USA, with any existing tranquillity ruined by their incessant buzzing during the mating ritual, which is audible from a mile away. Despite the nuisance it causes, the emergence of this swarm is relatively short-lived. It also delivers vital nutrients to the topsoil, leaving the native environment noticeably better in the weeks after the ensuing die-off.

Five-year survival rates for breast cancer are approaching 100%

Worldwide, breast cancer accounts for nearly 23% of all cancers in women (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers). In 2008, it caused 458,000 deaths, 13.7% of cancer deaths in women. It is over 100 times more common in women than in men, although men tend to have poorer outcomes due to delays in diagnosis.

In 2011, advances in genetics led researchers to identify 10 subtypes of breast cancer, each with its own unique genetic fingerprint.* In that same year, three genes linked to the most common form of breast cancer were found, including one responsible for driving the growth of tumours.*

Combined with personalised genomics, this paved the way for a new generation of drugs and other treatments that were precisely customisable for a particular individual. In many Western countries, five-year survival rates are now approaching 100%,** with 10-year survival likely to meet this level in the mid-2030s.*

Male birth control pills are entering the market

Early in this decade, the first male birth control pills are available for mass consumption.** Methods of chemical male birth control had been around for a few decades. Early efforts focused on using testosterone and synthetic hormones to limit sperm production, in a similar way to female birth control's effect on egg production. However, these proved to have too many negative side effects and were subsequently abandoned.

Other, non-hormonal methods were tried. Among the most successful was a compound known as JQ1, developed by US researchers in 2012.* This worked by targeting a testis-specific protein called BRDT that is essential for fertility. When mice were given the BRDT-inhibiting molecule, they began producing fewer sperm and those they did produce were unable to swim properly. Mating studies confirmed that JQ1 indeed worked as an effective male contraception. Even better, the effects were completely reversible, without adverse consequences for the animals' testosterone levels or behaviour. The molecule also left no apparent side effects on the males' future offspring.

The success of this new compound and the strong similarity between mouse and human BRDT proteins allowed JQ1 to proceed to clinical trials, beginning in 2013.* Following an eight year period,* it is available in pill form by 2021. This becomes the first new reversible contraceptive for men since the development of the condom, centuries ago.

male birth control pill release date 2020 2021 2022 future

The world's first artificial kidney

Kidneys perform a vital role in the human body: filtering blood, removing excess fluid and eliminating waste products. They are essential to the urinary system, the regulation of blood pressure (via salt and water balance) and the production of various hormones.

Kidney diseases are diverse, but their primary causes over the long-term are diabetes and high blood pressure. Among the most serious clinical conditions is end-stage renal disease (ESRD), affecting 2 million people worldwide. This can lead to complete failure of the kidneys to work at a level needed for day-to-day life. In the later stages of the illness, the only treatment options are dialysis or transplant. Although dialysis can be life-saving, it lasts for only a short time and then the procedure must be repeated. Organ transplants can help patients to regain their strength and mobility, allowing a return to more normal activities; but there is often a shortage of donors, plus the risk of rejection by their immune system. Stem cell treatments are beginning to emerge,* but have yet to include a complete replacement for kidneys.

A third option has been explored, however, which is now becoming available for the first time: fully artificial kidneys. This idea was researched at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), leading to a prototype model in 2010* and clinical trials beginning in 2017.* As part of a government innovation programme, the development process for this particular project was accelerated, cutting the time required for approval.*

Using nanotechnology, the device can mimic almost all the vital functions of the kidney, while a bioreactor performs other renal activities. This is done without the need for pumps or electrical power – filtration is pushed along by the body's own blood pressure. Furthermore, the device has an indefinite lifespan, unlike real transplanted kidneys which typically last for 10 to 12 years.

Launch of the Terrafugia TF-X flying car

The Terrafugia TF-X is a plug-in hybrid tilt-rotor vehicle and the first fully autonomous flying car. It can avoid other air traffic, bad weather and restricted air space and navigate its way to pre-specified landing zones. Manual controls and overrides also exist in case of emergencies or unexpected situations. The TF-X has a range of 500 miles per flight and batteries are rechargeable by the engine. Launched in 2021, it has a starting price of about $280,000 putting it beyond the reach of most consumers.* However, cheaper flying and hovering vehicles become more widely available later this century and into the 22nd century.*

China's first mission to Mars

During the first two decades of the 21st century, China's National Space Administration had focused heavily on the Moon. Its Chang'e series of lunar probes achieved great success.

China began a Mars program in 2009 in partnership with Russia. However, the Russian spacecraft Fobos-Grunt, carrying a Chinese orbiter called Yinghuo-1, crashed in January 2012, days after lift-off. China subsequently began its own independent Mars project, with a mission approved by authorities in 2016.

The new Chinese Mars probe would consist of an orbiter, lander and a rover deployed on the surface of Mars, with scientific objectives being to search for evidence of both current and past life, and to assess the planet's environment. It was named Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover mission, designated by a shorter name of Huoxing-1, abbreviated to HX-1 (Huoxing simply means "Mars" in Chinese).

The spacecraft is launched aboard a Long March 5 heavy lift rocket in July 2020, with a total payload mass of 5,000 kg (11,000 lb). Orbital insertion at Mars is scheduled for February 2021, with a surface landing date of 23rd April 2021.* The lander carrying the rover is designed to use a parachute, retrorockets, and an airbag to achieve a soft landing, which is planned to occur in Utopia Planitia – a region known to contain a large amount of underground water ice.

The rover is powered by solar panels, and is fitted with Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR), to scan as deep as 100 m (330 ft) below the surface. It can also perform chemical analyses on Martian soil, and look for biomolecules and biosignatures. The six-wheeled, 200 kg vehicle is designed to last three months.*

The orbiter and rover together carry a total of 12 instruments. In addition to its powerful ground radar, the rover includes a Multi-Spectrum Camera (MSC) and a Navigation and Topography Camera (NTC). The orbiter, meanwhile, is equipped with a High Resolution Camera (HRC) to obtain images with a resolution down to just 2 m from a 400 km orbit. The surface rover includes a demonstration of technology needed for a Mars sample return mission proposed for the 2030s.

The first Arabian mission to Mars

This year sees the first mission to Mars by an Arabian country – in this case, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which sends an unmanned probe. The Arab League nations have established a pan-Arab space agency by now, headed by the UAE. This functions in a similar way to the European Space Agency.

The UAE had already invested more than 20 billion dirham (US$5.4 billion) in the space sector by 2014. This further expansion was aimed at diversifying its economy away from reliance on hydrocarbons and fostering new talent in technology and aerospace fields. It was also motivated by concerns over national security and the growing importance of satellite data, mobile communications, Earth mapping and observation. Thanks to its hi-tech facilities, Dubai is now a regional hub for satellite design and construction.* The Mars mission coincides with the 50th anniversary of the UAE's formation. It is helped by the fact that space projects are becoming increasingly cheap, easy and reliable, through a new generation of rockets and fuels.

In 2014, ruler of the UAE's emirate of Dubai, Sheik Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, said the mission would prove the Arab world was still capable of delivering scientific contributions to humanity, despite the many conflicts across the Middle East: "Our region is a region of civilization. Our destiny is – once again – to explore, to create, to build and to civilize."*

united arab emirates mars 2021 future timeline space

India's first manned space flight

India becomes only the fourth nation – after Russia, the US and China – to independently launch humans into space. The rocket used is a variant of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).* This carries a largely autonomous 3.7-ton capsule with a three-person crew on board. They remain in orbit around the Earth at 248 miles (400 km) altitude for seven days, before splashing down in the Bay of Bengal. The total cost of the project is about 124 billion rupees ($2.67 billion). Originally planned for 2016, the mission faced delays, but is eventually launched in 2021.* Subsequent versions of the craft enable longer missions, including rendezvous and docking capabilities with space stations and other orbital platforms.*

India GSLV image credit: WDGraham

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References

1 China Reveals Third Exascale Prototype, TOP500:
https://www.top500.org/news/china-reveals-third-exascale-prototype/
Accessed 9th January 2019.

2 Hyperion Provides Update to Exascale Efforts in US, China, Japan, and Europe, TOP500:
https://www.top500.org/news/hyperion-updates-exascale-development-in-us-china-japan-and-europe/
Accessed 9th January 2019.

3 ExoMars Rover, Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExoMars_(rover)
Accessed 26th August 2018.

4 Construction of the James Webb Space Telescope mirror is completed, Future Timeline Blog:
http://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/2016/11/5.htm
Accessed 8th January 2018.

5 James Webb Space Telescope, Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope
Accessed 26th August 2018.

6 SLS debut slips to April 2021, KSC teams working through launch sims, NASASpaceflight.com:
https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/02/sls-debut-april-2021-ksc-teams-launch-sims/
Accessed 1st March 2020.

7 New Shepard Payloads, Blue Origin:
https://www.blueorigin.com/new-shepard/new-shepard-payloads/
Accessed 1st February 2020.

8 New Glenn: The Road to Space, YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSftIaLhQzE
Accessed 1st February 2020.

9 Blue Origin continuing work on New Glenn launch complex, support facilities, NASA Space Flight:
https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/09/blue-origin-work-new-glenn-launch-facilities/
Accessed 1st February 2020.

10 Going to space to benefit Earth, Future Timeline:
https://www.futuretimeline.net/videos/72.htm
Accessed 1st February 2020.

11 Blue Moon (spacecraft), Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)
Accessed 1st February 2020.

12 Crossrail, Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossrail
Accessed 22nd December 2019.

13 They're Baaack, TIME:
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,638434,00.html
Accessed 4th December 2011.

14 Genetic test could pave the way for breast cancer 'magic bullets', The Independent:
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/genetic-test-could-pave-the-way-for-breast-cancer-magic-bullets-7658168.html
Accessed 6th October 2012.

15 Breast cancer gene discovery 'like finding gold', The Telegraph:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/8490070/Breast-cancer-gene-discovery-like-finding-gold.html
Accessed 6th October 2012.

16 Browse the SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2009, The National Cancer Institute:
http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2009_pops09/browse_csr.php
Accessed: 6th October 2012.

17 Breast cancer survival statistics: Figure 3.3: Breast cancer (C50), Age-Standardised Five-Year Relative Survival Rates, Females, England and Wales 1971-1995, England 1996-2009, Cancer Research UK (latest available data):
http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/breast/survival/#One-
Accessed: 6th October 2012.

18 Breast cancer survival could reach 100% by 2034; physically active lifestyle helps lower risk, Future Timeline Blog:
https://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/2012/09/8-3.htm
Accessed 6th October 2012.

19 Trends & Technology Timeline 2010+, What's Next:
http://nowandnext.com/PDF/trends_and_technology_timeline_2010.pdf
Accessed 19th August 2012.

20 What's Next: the future, predicted..., Wired:
http://www.wired.co.uk/magazine/archive/2009/05/features/whats-next-the-future-from-2009-to-249?page=all
Accessed 19th August 2012.

21 Male birth control pill moves a step closer, Future Timeline Blog:
https://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/2012/08/16.htm
Accessed 19th August 2012.

22 JQ1 "may enter clinical trial testing within a year".
See Researchers develop prototype for male birth control pill, Fox News:
http://www.foxnews.com/health/2012/08/16/researchers-develop-prototype-for-male-birth-control-pill/
Accessed 19th August 2012.

23 "Many standard treatments used today are the result of past clinical trials, which involve a strict and rigorous, multi-step process that takes eight years on average to complete."
See Frequently Asked Questions, The University of Arizona Cancer Center:
http://azcc.arizona.edu/patients/clinical-trials/faq
Accessed 19th August 2012.

24 Cell therapy could replace need for kidney transplants, Science Daily:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/03/190314123215.htm
Accessed 5th January 2020.

25 Shuvo Roy, Scientist and Inventor of the Artificial Kidney, The Daily Star:
http://www.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2012/anniversary_2012/section3/101.htm
Accessed 22nd April 2012.

26 UCSF Artificial Kidney Project Tapped for Accelerated FDA Program, UCSF:
http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2012/04/11836/ucsf-artificial-kidney-project-tapped-accelerated-fda-program
Accessed 22nd April 2012.

27 FDA program to foster innovation starts with kidneys, Reuters:
http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/09/us-fda-devices-innovation-idUSBRE8380TC20120409
Accessed 22nd April 2012.

28 New Terrafugia TF-X flying car revealed, Auto Car:
http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/new-terrafugia-tf-x-flying-car-revealed
Accessed 7th March 2016.

29 Samsung predicts the world 100 years from now, Future Timeline Blog:
https://www.futuretimeline.net/blog/2016/02/24.htm
Accessed 7th March 2016.

30 Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover, Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Remote_Sensing_Orbiter_and_Small_Rover
Accessed 30th January 2020.

31 Chang'e-5 Lunar Probe [includes video of Mars probe from 1:02], YouTube:
https://youtu.be/V-2AuPQf5gw?t=62
Accessed 30th January 2020.

32 Dubai shoots for the stars with aim to become satellite hub, The National:
http://www.thenational.ae/business/industry-insights/economics/dubai-shoots-for-the-stars-with-aim-to-become-satellite-hub
Accessed 19th July 2014.

33 UAE makes plans to send unmanned probe to Mars by 2021, SOURCE:
http://www.thenational.ae/uae/technology/uae-makes-plans-to-send-unmanned-probe-to-mars-by-2021#full
Accessed 19th July 2014.

34 India's Human Spaceflight Program - Space Pod 04/21/15, YouTube:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elen_lIbTfo
Accessed 9th March 2016.

35 Video from 2014:
India Will be Ready to Launch Manned Space Mission in a Few Years: ISRO Chairman to NDTV, NDTV:
http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-will-be-ready-to-launch-manned-space-mission-in-a-few-years-isro-chairman-to-ndtv-692766
Accessed 9th March 2016.

36 ISRO Orbital Vehicle, Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISRO_Orbital_Vehicle
Accessed 9th March 2016.

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